The 4  Temperaments
Intelligence	Proprietary Prudence	Dynamic Impulse	Perceptual Insight	Logical Reason
Ability	Scheduling/Civility	Boldness/Plays	Empathy/Intuitiveness	Classification/Strategy
Contribution	Dependability/Customs	Style/Techniques	Imagination/Sentiments	Knowledge/Systems
Motivation	Cultural Duty	Hedonic Opportunity	Mutual Happiness	Scientific Possibilities
Language	Report Traditionally	Sensorate Anecdotally	Hyperbolize Metaphorically	Deduce Categorically
Personality Types	Health Guardians Keeper (ESFJ.gair) Preparer (ISFJ.gair) Caretaker (ESFJ.giar) Provisioner (ESFJ.giar) ProviderK (ESFJ.gira) Nourisher (ISFJ.gira) Property Guardians Manager (ESTJ.gari) Examiner (ISTJ.gari) Administrator (ESTJ.grai) Inspector (ISTJ.grai) SupervisorK (ESTJ.gria) Investigator (ISTJ.gria)	Animated Artisans PerformerK (ESFP.agir) Fashioner (ISFP.agir) Entertainer (ISFP.aigr) Styler (ISFP.aigr) Portrayer (ESFP.airg) Depictor (ESFP.airg) Smooth Artisans PromoterK (ESTP.agri) CrafterK (ISTP.agri) Marketer (ESTP.argi) Builder (ISTP.argi) Enterpriser (ESTP.arig) Constructor (ISTP.arig)	Guiding Idealists TeacherK (ENFJ.igar) CounselorK (INFJ.igar) Educator (ENFJ.igra) Mentor (INFJ.igra) Director (ENFJ.irga) Advisor (INFJ.irga) Messenger Idealists ChampionK (ENFP.iagr) Illustrator (INFP.iagr) Advocate (ENFP.iarg) ComposerK (INFP.iarg) Reformer (ENFP.irag) Philosopher (INFP.irag)	Coordinating Rationals Mobilizer (ENTJ.rgai) Evaluator (INTJ.rgai) Commander (ENTJ.rgia) Analizer (INTJ.rgia) MarshalerK (ENTJ.riga) Methodizer (INTJ.riga) Engineering Rationals Prototyper (ENTP.ragi) Modeler (INTP.ragi) Devisor (ENTP.raig) Drafter (INTP.raig) InventorK (ENTP.riag) Theorist (INTP.riag)

^K These verb-based names were adopted from Keirsey's 16 type names. Keirsey's Artisan name Composer was moved to Idealist.

The four temperaments are ancient, dating back to Hippocrates and Plato before 380BC, and similar descriptions much farther back. David Keirsey did extensive work between 1970-1988, compiling the history of temperament theory, developing modern observable temperament theory and relating it to the 16 Myers-Briggs personality types.

» View table of all known contributers in history

What is new in LTO theory, is that personality types are now defined by sequential order of the four temperaments. Each person displays each temperament intelligence but not equally. It is the combination of all four temperaments, in a specific order, that shapes a personality. Temperament order combined with Introgating or Extragating expressivity communication makes the 48 LTO personality types.

» View the 48 LTO Personality Types

Each temperament is a separate intelligence with its own motivation, ability, language and social contribution. Peoples' point of view, learning, decision making, and general life experience depends largely on which temperaments they are using. And their personality type rarely ever changes outside of major trauma. Each temperament is self-sustaining with its own goals and ways of getting there. You can't change someone's personality, trying to will create unhappiness. And it would not be good if you could, each one provides an important part of society. This is what people naturally provide in their personal and social lives, and they will do best in a job that fits their personality.

It's easy to see how understanding temperament can help people to find a job they are naturally good at. It can help employers find employees with the right abilities. It can help people realize what types of important information are obvious to each person. If everyone was doing professionally what they were naturally suited for, we could have a much more productive, efficient and happy society. Counselors and educators can use it to provide the best personal advice. It can help bridge communication breakdowns. Once you understand how each person is trying to make life better and what they do to get there, it is much easier to appreciate others, and have happy relationships.

You can identify each temperament by observing peoples' abilities, social contributions, motivations and langauge when happy. But all four temperaments are most easily identifiable when upset. Each has a strong defensive reaction when their intelligence is violated. The easiest personality test is what makes people upset in real life situations.

Guardians

Guardians' defensive reaction, when they see unreliable caretaking and social inappropriateness, politely point it out and prompt the appropriate action in detail.

Plato around 380BC called them "Guardians" care-taking and protecting the ways of the society. His student Aristotle around 325BC called them "Proprietary" made most happy by acquiring assets. Galen around 190AD called them "Gloomy" Melancholic characters. Kretschmer in 1920 called them "Melancholic" Depressive types. Keirsey in 1970 said they have "Logistical" intelligence, reliable with times, locations and actions. Wirths & Bowman-Kruhm in 1994 called them "Members" identifying with groups.

Artisans

Artisans' defensive reaction to boring presentation and poor technique is impatiently expressing stylistic distaste, and quickly diverting attention to more impressive and pleasurable things.

Plato around 380BC called them "Artisans" excelling at making quality artcraft goods. His student Aristotle around 325BC called them "Hedonic" made most happy by sensual pleasure. Galen around 190AD called them "Optimistic" Sanguine characters. Kretschmer in 1920 called them "Excited" Hypomanic types. Keirsey in 1970 said they have "Tactical" intelligence, excellent at effective technique. Wirths & Bowman-Kruhm in 1994 called them "Actors" playing roles in social situations.

Idealists

Idealists' defensive reaction, when they see people being hurt or made unhappy, is an empathetic sensitivity and moral exaggeration of the events to sincerely express their hurt feelings and desire for kindness.

Plato around 380BC called them "Idealists" divining the virtues of a society. His student Aristotle around 325BC called them "Proprietary" made most happy by following moral virtue. Galen around 190AD called them "Irritable" Choleric characters. Kretschmer in 1920 called them "Sensitive" Hyperesthetic types. Keirsey in 1970 said they have "Diplomatic" intelligence, able to affect morale and find common ground.

Rationals

Rationals' defensive reaction, when they see illogical behavior leading to consequences, is to intellectually dispute it, providing an explanation of knowns and unknowns, causes and effects, and the most strategic efficient course of action for the desired outcome.

Plato around 380BC called them "Rationals" discovering how the universe works and developing technology. His student Aristotle around 325BC called them "Dialectical" made most happy by logical investigation. Galen around 190AD called them "Calm" Phlegmatic characters. Kretschmer in 1920 called them "Cold" Anesthetic types. Keirsey in 1970 said they have "Strategic" intelligence, discovering how things work and developing efficient plans and tools.